In the area mapping phase, remote sensing techniques are employed using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones. Remote sensing techniques have advantages in obtaining spatio-temporal information to determine forest biophysical properties and assess biomass and carbon stocks (Ota, et.al<\/em>, 2017). Data collection using UAV-based platforms offers high operational flexibility in terms of cost, time, location, and repetition compared to satellite-based platforms and traditional manned photogrammetric operations (Dhruva et al<\/em>., 2024). UAV platforms can capture high-resolution images that can be used effectively and efficiently to generate digital terrain models (DTM), digital surface models (DSM), and ortho-mosaic images (Dhruva et al<\/em>., 2024).<\/p>
\n Carbon Stock Estimation Method<\/strong><\/p>
\n This initial survey aims to estimate above-ground carbon stocks (AGB \u2192 C) in a 116 ha simple agroforestry area using a non-destructive approach, so all measurements are conducted without cutting or damaging vegetation. The design follows IPCC and ICRAF\/World Agroforestry guidelines: the main variables recorded are DBH for all individuals \u2265 5 cm, tree height on a representative subset per diameter class to reduce allometric bias, species identification (for wood density, \u03c1, extraction), as well as documentation of stand position and condition.<\/p>
\n The method used to determine carbon stock potential employs non-destructive methods for tree stands and destructive methods for understory vegetation. The non-destructive method is used when the allometric equation of the measured plant species is already known. Meanwhile, the destructive method is carried out by researchers for the purpose of developing allometric equations, particularly for tree species with specific branching patterns whose allometric equations are not yet generally known.<\/p>
\n Socio-Economic Data Collection Method<\/strong><\/p>
\n Socio-economic data collection is conducted using two methods: qualitative interviews and observation. Qualitative interviews are a data collection technique in qualitative research conducted through in-depth conversations between researchers and informants to explore views, experiences, and meanings that individuals attach to social phenomena. These interviews are open and flexible, allowing researchers to adjust questions based on informants’ responses so that the data obtained are richer and more in-depth. Qualitative interviews are generally used when researchers want to understand social reality from participants’ perspectives, not merely to measure variables or seek generalizations. This type of interview can be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured, depending on the research objectives and the depth of information to be explored.<\/p>
\n Cihawuk Village is one of the villages located in Kertasari District, Bandung Regency, West Java Province. Administratively, Cihawuk Village has the following territorial boundaries:<\/p>
\n In general, Cihawuk Village’s territory is dominated by agricultural land, plantations, and forest areas located on mountain slopes. This geographical condition gives the village an important role in the agricultural sector, particularly highland vegetables, and makes it part of the watershed area in the upper reaches of the Citarum River.<\/p>
\n Based on data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) for 2022, the area of Cihawuk Village, Kertasari District, Bandung Regency, is 931.35 ha, equivalent to 9.31 km\u00b2. The topography of this village area is dominated by hills. The population is recorded at 6,799 people with 2,416 households. Thus, the population density of Cihawuk Village reaches approximately 730 people\/km\u00b2, indicating a relatively high density compared to rural areas in general. Demographic information is summarized in the table below.<\/p>
\n No<\/strong><\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n Description<\/strong><\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n Unit<\/strong><\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n Amount<\/strong><\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n Notes<\/strong><\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n<\/tr>
\n 1.<\/strong><\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n Total Population<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n people<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n 6.799<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n \u00a0<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n<\/tr>
\n 2.<\/strong><\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n – Male<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n people<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n 3.505<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n Including children<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n<\/tr>
\n 3.<\/strong><\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n – Female<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n people<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n 3.294<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n \u00a0<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n<\/tr>
\n 4.<\/strong><\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n Number of Households<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n households<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n 2.416<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n \u00a0<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n<\/tr>
\n 5.<\/strong><\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n Area<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n km\u00b2<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n 9.31<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n 931.35 hectares<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n<\/tr>
\n 6.<\/strong><\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n Population Density<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n people\/km\u00b2<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n 730<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n \u00a0<\/p>
\n<\/td>
\n<\/tr>
\n<\/tbody>
\n<\/table>
\n Land cover in KPS Mencil Lestari, Cihawuk Village, is observed directly through orthomosaic maps. The orthomosaic map is the result of combining high-resolution aerial images obtained through drone or UAV photography. This map is able to present spatial information with excellent detail, making it suitable as a basis for land cover analysis in an area. Through orthomosaics, differences in land cover characteristics such as settlements, agricultural land, dense vegetation, and open land can be clearly identified visually. Another advantage of this map is its relatively high geometric and radiometric accuracy, enabling a realistic depiction of field land conditions (Colomina & Molina, 2014). The orthomosaic map of the KPS Mencil Lestari area can be seen in the image below.<\/p>
\n Based on the image, the area bounded by the red line is the study area boundary. The image shows differences in brightness levels of land cover. Brighter areas generally indicate open land or land with lower vegetation cover. This area is dominated by vegetable farming plots, newly cultivated land, or land that has experienced reduced vegetation density due to soil tillage processes. These bright color characteristics indicate relatively minimal tree canopy cover, so light reflection from the ground surface is stronger compared to densely vegetated areas. In terms of vegetation structure, a visualization of land cover in the KPS Mencil Lestari Cultivated Land area can be seen in the image below.<\/p>
\n Based on the image, it visually depicts a vegetation arrangement that follows an elevation gradient from approximately 1,400 to 1,750 masl. Visually, a combination of horticultural crops (such as carrots, cabbage, scallions, potatoes, and bananas), plantation crops (coffee, avocado, cinnamon), and large tree stands (eucalyptus, rasamala, pine, manglid, and ganitri) can be observed. This pattern shows a typical highland agroforestry mosaic, where layered plants from the understory to the high canopy are arranged along the slope contours. The valley floor, crossed by a small stream, appears to support seasonal crops and coffee, while the slopes and ridges are more dominated by tree stands and horticultural mixtures. Thus, this visualization shows a layered and heterogeneous landscape, marking the interaction between agricultural production functions and the ecological role of forest vegetation within a single landscape.<\/p>
\n Physical environmental factors are the main components that influence ecosystem characteristics and land productivity. Biophysical conditions such as elevation above sea level, soil type, air humidity, soil moisture, air temperature, soil temperature, and rainfall interact to determine the ecological dynamics of an area. Location elevation is closely related to microclimate variations, where increasing elevation generally lowers temperature and affects vegetation distribution (Barry & Blanken, 2016). Air humidity and soil moisture are important factors in the hydrological cycle as they determine water availability for plants and other organisms (Rodriguez-Iturbe & Porporato, 2004).<\/p>
\n Location elevation is one of the important parameters in environmental and land-use studies. Generally, elevation is measured from sea level and expressed in meters above sea level (masl). Elevation information is necessary because it influences various environmental factors such as air temperature, air humidity, soil moisture, and the types of vegetation that can grow in an area. The higher a location is above sea level, the lower the air temperature generally becomes, while air humidity tends to increase. These conditions have direct implications for agricultural activities, forestry, and environmental conservation planning.<\/p>
\n In the context of sustainable development, information on slope gradient is an important basis for determining soil and water conservation strategies. Land with steep to very steep slopes, for example, has a high risk of losing productive topsoil if not managed with appropriate conservation techniques. Conversely, land with flat to gentle slopes is relatively more suitable for intensive agricultural cultivation but still requires management to prevent soil quality degradation. Therefore, slope gradient analysis not only helps in land-use decision-making but also supports efforts to maintain ecosystem balance and reduce the potential for environmental disasters.<\/p>
\n Soil is a very important environmental factor in determining land suitability for agriculture, forestry, and conservation. Soil characteristics\u2014physical, chemical, and biological\u2014affect the soil’s ability to support plant growth and maintain ecosystem balance. Each soil type has its own distinctive characteristics in terms of texture, fertility, and acidity level, so understanding the soil type of an area is an important basis for sustainable land management.<\/p>
\n Air humidity data for the 2020\u20132024 period in this analysis uses the Relative Humidity at 2 Meters<\/em> (%) parameter from the NASA POWER dataset. Relative Humidity at 2 Meters<\/em> (%) is a climate parameter that describes the amount of water vapor contained in the air at a height of 2 meters above the ground surface, compared to the maximum capacity of the air to hold water vapor at a given temperature. This data is available from the NASA Prediction Of Worldwide Energy Resources (POWER)<\/em> database, which is widely used for climate, agricultural, and renewable energy studies as it provides global meteorological data with good spatial and temporal resolution (Stackhouse et al., 2018).<\/p>
\n Soil moisture data for the 2020\u20132024 period in this analysis uses the Profile Soil Moisture<\/em> parameter from the NASA POWER dataset. Profile Soil Moisture<\/em> is defined as the soil water content at a profile depth of up to approximately 1 meter, representing water availability throughout the soil layers where plant roots can grow.<\/p>
\n Air temperature data for the 2020\u20132024 period uses the Earth Skin Temperature<\/em> (EST) parameter from the NASA POWER dataset. The use of Earth Skin Temperature<\/em> (EST) as an air temperature parameter in this study is based on the fact that EST is the Earth’s surface temperature measured by satellite sensors with consistent temporal and spatial resolution. EST describes the thermal energy stored and emitted by the Earth’s surface, thus representing micro- and macro-climate conditions more accurately than conventional surface air temperature alone (Wan, 2014).<\/p>
\n Soil temperature data for the 2020\u20132024 period uses the Soil Temperature Layer 1<\/em> parameter from the NASA POWER dataset. The use of Soil Temperature Layer 1<\/em> (STL1) as a parameter in climate studies is highly relevant because the topsoil layer (0\u201310 cm) plays a direct role in energy, water, and gas exchange processes between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems. The temperature of this layer reflects microclimate conditions that affect soil biological activity, plant root growth, and organic matter decomposition processes (Batjes, 2014). STL1 data is important to discuss because its stability can provide an indication of the soil’s capacity to store and release heat, which in turn impacts the hydrological cycle, agricultural productivity, and ecosystem dynamics.<\/p>
\n Rainfall data for the 2020\u20132024 period uses the Precipitation Corrected Sum<\/em> parameter from the NASA POWER dataset. The parameter used is Precipitation Corrected Sum<\/em> because PRECTOTCORR is daily rainfall from MERRA-2 reanalysis that has been corrected with gauge-based observation data to reduce the frequency bias of “rainy days” and accumulation amounts. In the MERRA-2 system, the precipitation data used for land forcing is derived as the PRECTOTCORR variable; this correction follows the “observation-corrected precipitation forcing” scheme (including the use of CPCU\/CMAP\/GPCC data) so that it is more representative than raw model precipitation, especially in tropical regions where observation networks are unevenly distributed.<\/p>
\n Wind speed data for the 2020\u20132024 period uses the Wind Speed at 2 Meters Maximum<\/em> (m\/s) and Wind Speed at 2 Meters Minimum<\/em> (m\/s) parameters from the NASA POWER dataset. Definitions: maximum wind speed indicates the highest wind speed value occurring at a height of 2 meters above the ground surface within a daily range, while minimum wind speed indicates the lowest value at the same level. This data is important because it describes wind kinetic energy fluctuations that affect microclimate, hydrological cycles, and renewable energy potential.<\/p>
\n The legal basis of the social forestry group KPS Mencil Lestari, Cihawuk Village, Kertasari District, Bandung Regency, is as follows<\/p>
\n Currently, the potentials that must be protected and maintained at the location include timber tree species (Rasamala, Pine, Damar, Salamander, and others). In addition to timber trees, there are also springs with high conservation value that need to be preserved. At this location, there are also Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) that can be harvested and utilized, such as coffee, avocado, jackfruit, banana, and kapul.<\/p>
\n The livelihoods of forest land cultivators in Cihawuk Village rely on an interconnected chain of agricultural activities. In this chain, residents occupy different roles ranging from land owners\/cultivators, farm laborers who handle cultivation work from land preparation to harvesting, transport laborers who move fertilizers and harvest yields, to traders who collect and distribute commodities. This network of roles not only meets household food needs but also serves as the main source of income that drives the local economy around the forest. They grow various commodities including vegetable crops (scallions, potatoes, cabbage, carrots) and non-vegetable crops (avocado, lime, coffee, jackfruit, banana). The cultivators’ responsibilities include garden layout planning, soil tillage, planting, maintenance, and harvesting so that the produce can be consumed or sold to meet family economic needs. Currently, vegetables are preferred as the main commodity because of their quick turnover despite fluctuating prices. Based on the latest survey, vegetable commodity prices are weakening, with price ranges: scallions at Rp8,000\/kg, potatoes at Rp8,000-10,000\/kg, cabbage at Rp4,000\/kg, and carrots at Rp2,000\/kg.<\/p>
\n \u00a0<\/p>
\n \u00a0<\/p>
\n \u00a0<\/p>
\n \u00a0<\/p>
\n \u00a0<\/p>
\n \u00a0<\/p>
\n In the implementation of the culture-based agroforestry revitalization program in Cihawuk Village, there are two main actors who have strategic roles and significant influence on the success of the activities.<\/p>
\n \u00a0<\/p>
\n \u00a0<\/p>
\n \u00a0<\/p>
\n \u00a0<\/p>
\n Overall, the collaboration between the Village Government and KPS Mencil Lestari demonstrates solid synergy: the village government ensures policy direction and legitimacy, while KPS drives concrete action in the field. This combination strengthens the prospects for achieving program sustainability and improving village community welfare.<\/p>
\n Based on the discussion results in the previous chapter, the conclusions of this report are as follows<\/p>
\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/folunc.unpad.ac.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Gambar-3.-Contoh-Hasil-Foto-Udara-UAV-300x200.jpg\")
<\/p>
\nAdministrative Area<\/h2>
\n
\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/folunc.unpad.ac.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Peta-Administratif-Desa-Cihawuk-300x215.jpg\")
<\/p>
\nDemographics<\/h2>
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n Land Cover<\/h2>
\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/folunc.unpad.ac.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Peta-Orthomosaic-Area-KPS-Mencil-Lestari-Desa-Cihawuk-300x211.jpg\")
<\/p>
\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/folunc.unpad.ac.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/DSCN0548-300x240.jpg\")
<\/p>
\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/folunc.unpad.ac.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/Struktur-Vertikal-Tutupan-Lahan-di-area-Lahan-Garapan-KPS-Mencil-Lestari-Desa-Cihawuk-300x192.jpg\")
<\/p>
\nPhysical Environmental Factors<\/h2>
\n
Location Elevation<\/h2>
\n
Slope Gradient<\/h2>
\n
Soil Type<\/h2>
\n
Air Humidity<\/h2>
\n
Soil Moisture<\/h2>
\n
Air Temperature<\/h2>
\n
Soil Temperature<\/h2>
\n
Rainfall<\/h2>
\n
Wind Speed<\/h2>
\n
Social Forestry Groups<\/h2>
\n
Legal Basis<\/h2>
\n
\n
Area Management Potential<\/h2>
\n
Livelihood System of Land Cultivators<\/h2>
\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/folunc.unpad.ac.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/DSCN0577-300x240.jpg\")
<\/p>
\nCulture-Based Agroforestry Heritage<\/h2>
\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/folunc.unpad.ac.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/DSCN0677-300x240.jpg\")
The people of Cihawuk Village, who live adjacent to forest areas, have long depended on forest resources for their livelihoods. Limited private land ownership, increasing food needs, and economic pressures have encouraged some residents to utilize state forest land previously managed by Perum Perhutani.<\/p>
\nStakeholders<\/h2>
\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/folunc.unpad.ac.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/DSCN0055-300x240.jpg\")
The Village Government acts as the institution that provides legitimacy to the entire process, facilitates coordination through village deliberation mechanisms (musdes), and performs oversight functions. The village government’s interest is closely tied to program sustainability, particularly to ensure alignment with spatial planning and community social dynamics. With high influence and positive support, the village government serves as the main foundation ensuring the program is accepted and integrated into the village development plan.<\/p>
\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/folunc.unpad.ac.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/DSCN0510-300x240.jpg\")
Meanwhile, the Social Forestry Group (KPS) Mencil Lestari is directly responsible for program implementation in the field. KPS’s key role is not limited to execution but also serves as a driver in strengthening group institutional capacity. Their great hope is the improvement of member welfare through diversification of environmentally friendly and market-oriented agricultural products. With equally strong influence and positive support, KPS Mencil Lestari becomes the driving force behind program success and serves as a bridge for the community to obtain sustainable economic benefits.<\/p>
\nConclusion<\/h2>
\n